Linux host setup

minimald runs every session and task inside its own sandbox composed of an unprivileged user namespace and other Linux namespaces, similar to how containers are sandboxed on Kubernetes. Root/sudo access is not needed to create these sandboxes; however, some Linux distributions require enabling unprivileged user namespace creation.

Most distributions allow this by default. Ubuntu 24.04 and later require the small configuration change described below.

The symptom

Ubuntu 24.04 ships kernel.apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns=1, which stops an unconfined program from creating a user namespace. The sandbox child dies writing its uid map before it runs anything, so no session can start:

DIAG hakoniwa container/process exited non-zero code=125 exit_code=None
  reason=write("/proc/self/uid_map", ..) => Operation not permitted (os error 1)

min session attach shows this as a session that closes immediately. The minimald daemon also checks this at startup: on a host that will refuse the namespace it logs a sessions will fail to start warning naming the restriction and this fix, so check the daemon log first. Confirm the host is the cause using stock tools, no Minimal involved:

$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns
1
$ unshare --user --map-root-user id
unshare: write failed /proc/self/uid_map: Operation not permitted

Option 1: enable unprivileged user namespace creation host-wide

The following disables the restriction for every program on the host until the next reboot:

$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns=0

To persist this change across reboots, create a file in /etc/sysctl.d/:

$ sudo sh -c "echo 'kernel.apparmor_restrict_unprivileged_userns=0' > /etc/sysctl.d/enable-user-ns.conf"

Option 2: install minimald’s AppArmor profile

If you installed Minimal with the curl … | sh installer, you can grant user namespace creation to minimald alone instead of system-wide:

$ sudo bash ~/.local/share/minimal/apparmor/install-apparmor-profile.sh
loaded the minimald AppArmor profile (/etc/apparmor.d/minimald)

The only change to your system is allowing minimald to create user namespaces. To remove the profile run:

$ sudo bash ~/.local/share/minimal/apparmor/install-apparmor-profile.sh --uninstall

If you built minimald from source on an Ubuntu system, run the following script in the source directory to allow it to create user namespaces:

$ sudo scripts/install-apparmor-profile.sh --path "$PWD/target/debug/minimald"

To remove the AppArmor profile:

$ sudo scripts/install-apparmor-profile.sh --uninstall   # from a checkout

User namespaces disabled entirely

Separately from the AppArmor restriction, user namespaces cannot be created at all on a kernel built without CONFIG_USER_NS, on a host with user.max_user_namespaces set to 0, or on Debian-derived kernels that ship kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone with it set to 0. The daemon’s startup logs report this as its own error. The fix matches the cause: use a kernel with user namespaces enabled, raise user.max_user_namespaces via sysctl, or set kernel.unprivileged_userns_clone=1.